Nor did this mean only the local welfare of the papacy, the great order and peace of the Patrimony of Peter. Though not all are present in anyone narrative, there is no good cause for doubting their basic accuracy. But are they the stuff of fantasy? Kleinclausz (l’Empire Carolingien, and many others., Paris, 1902, 441 sqq.) denies the authenticity of the well-known letter (871) of Emperor Louis II to the Greek Emperor Basil (wherein the previous recognizes totally the papal origin of his own imperial dignity), and attributes it to Anastasius Bibliotheca in 879. His arguments are weak; the authenticity is admitted by Gregorovius and O. Harnack. Peter and Paul, the pope approached him, positioned upon his head the imperial crown, did him formal reverence after the historical method, saluted him as Emperor and Augustus and anointed him, whereas the Romans current burst out with the acclamation, thrice repeated: “To Carolus Augustus crowned by God, mighty and pacific emperor, be life and victory” (Carolo, piisimo Augusto a Deo coronato, magno et pacificio Imperatori, vita et victoria). Despite the sooner goodwill and assist of the papacy, the Emperor of Constantinople, reputable heir of the imperial title (he still known as himself Roman Emperor, and his capital was formally New Rome) had long proved incapable of preserving his authority in the Italian peninsula.

However, the occasion of Christmas Day, 800, was long resented at Constantinople, where finally the successor of Charles was sometimes referred to as “Emperor”, or “Emperor of the Franks”, however by no means “Roman Emperor”. Alternatively, there seems no cause to doubt that for some time earlier the elevation of Charles had been discussed, both at home and at Rome, particularly in view of two info: the scandalous condition of the imperial government at Constantinople, and the acknowledged grandeur and solidity of the Carolingian home. It could also be noted right here that the chroniclers of the ninth century deal with as “restitution” to St. Peter the assorted cessions and grants of cities and gold price territory made at this period by the Carolingian rulers within the bounds of the Patrimony of Peter. Suffice it to add here that whereas the imperial consecration made him in theory, what he was already actually, the principal ruler of the West, and impropriated, as it had been, in the Carolingian line the majesty of ancient Rome, it additionally lifted Charles without delay to the dignity of supreme temporal protector of Western Christendom and specifically of its head, the Roman Church.

Baluze, I, 247, 341, 345); also that after the ceremony he made very wealthy gifts to the Basilica of St. Peter, and that on the identical day the pope anointed (as King of the Franks) the younger Charles, son of the emperor and at the moment most likely destined to succeed in the imperial dignity. Leo was sent again to Rome escorted by royal missi; the insurgents, completely frightened and unable to persuade Charles of the pope’s iniquity, surrendered, and the missi despatched Paschalis and Campulus, nephews of Adrian I and ringleaders against Pope Leo, to the king, to be dealt with on the royal pleasure. Charles, it’s true, after his imperial consecration exercised virtually at Rome his authority as Patricius, or protector of the Roman Church. This (the Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate) he considerably omitted from the partition of the Frankish State made on the Diet of Thionville, in 806. It’s to be noted that in this public division of his estate he made no provision for the imperial title, also that he committed to all three sons “the defence and protection of the Roman Church”.

In any case, because the Donation of Pepin (752) the pope was formally sovereign of the duchy of Rome and the Exarchate; hence, other than its impact on his shadowy claim to the sovereignty of all Italy, the Byzantine ruler had nothing to lose by the elevation of Charles. This resolution produced a domino impact. In actuality this Roman patriciate, each under Pepin and Charles, was not more than a high protectorship of the civil sovereignty of the pope, whose local independence, both earlier than and after the coronation of Charles, is traditionally certain, even other than the aforesaid imperial charters. It is certain that Charles consistently attributed his imperial dignity to an act of God, made identified after all via the agency of the Vicar of Christ (divino nutu coronatus, a Deo coronatus, in “Capitularia”, ed. Charles received the Vicar of Christ with all due reverence. Long earlier than this occasion Pope Adrian I had conferred (774) on Charles his father’s dignity of Patricius Romanus, which implied primarily the protection of the Roman Church in all its rights and privileges, above all within the temporal authority which it had steadily acquired (notably in the former Byzantine Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna) by just titles in the course of the 2 preceding centuries.

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